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Research progress of milestones in competency-based medical education Song Wenwen, Li Honghe, Ding Ning, Wen Deliang 2019, 39 (12):  897-900.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.001 Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (896KB) ( 102 )   In the process of the development of medical education,the proposal of milestones makes the competency-based medical education implemented and developed.Therefore,the application of milestone in medical education is gradually emphasized.This study firstly systematically described the concept and relationship between competency-based medical education and milestones,and then described the development process of competency milestones in the United States,Canada,Chinese Taiwan and Chinese Mainland.The existing research condition and the gaps were summarized,thus laying a theoretical foundation for the relevant research on milestone standards in competency-based medical education. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of multidisciplinary collaborative teaching mode in clinical teaching of general practitioners cardiopulmonary resuscitation Liu Ting, Liu Qing, Fu Xiaoli, Wang He, Hao Yibin, Zhang Sisen, Wen Mingang 2019, 39 (12):  901-904.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.002 Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (857KB) ( 29 )   Objective To explore the practical effects of multidisciplinary collaborative teaching mode in the clinical teaching of general practitioners in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Methods A total of 50 trainees from the general practice training base of Zhengzhou People's Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University in 2016 were selected.According to the training ID code,23 trainees were selected as experimental group,27 trainees as the control group.The experimental group adopted the multidisciplinary collaborative teaching mode,and the control group adopted the traditional teaching mode.After the training,theoretical test,skill assessment and questionnaire survey were conducted.Results The theoretical test scores of the experimental groupand the control group were [(82.70±4.25) vs (81.03±3.98)],there was no statistically difference (t=-1.43,P>0.05).The skill score of the experimental group and the control group were [(85.09±3.90) vs (78.37±3.22)],the difference was statistically significant (t=-6.67,P<0.01).The results of the questionnaire showed that,in addition to improving the first aid skills and clinical reasoning capacity,the satisfaction of the experimental group was better than that of the control group in other aspects,with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).Conclusions The multidisciplinary collaborative teaching model is applied to the generalized training of general practitioners in the clinical teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation,which helps to improve the students' operational performance.The multidisciplinary collaborative teaching models can increase interest in learning,develope team spirit and improve learning,leadership and communication skills. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of inquiry-based teaching method on undergraduate teaching of medical related majors Yang Xiaoxue, Jia Liying 2019, 39 (12):  905-909.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.003 Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (1834KB) ( 36 )   Objective To evaluate the effects of inquiry-based teaching methods for medical undergraduates,and to provide scientific evidence for the improvement of undergraduate teaching methods.Methods A systematic review method was used to retrieve the randomized controlled studies of inquiry-based teaching in CNKI,WANFANG and VIP.ReviewManager5.3 software was used for Meta analysis.Results Meta analysis showed that the theoretical test scores [SMD= 0.98,95% CI (0.87,1.09),P<0.01] and the practical test scores [SMD=11.72,95% CI (10.79,12.65),P<0.01] of the experimental group were better than those of the control group.Conclusions Inquiry-based teaching method is more effective than traditional teaching method in medical undergraduate teaching. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Validity of multiple-functioned periodontal-surgical model used in the simulation-based preclinical practice training course of periodontology Shi Danhui, Chen Lili, Sun Weilian, Ke Ting, Lei Lihong 2019, 39 (12):  910-913.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.004 Abstract ( 40 )   PDF (976KB) ( 20 )   Objective To analyze the validity of multiple-functioned periodontal-surgical model used in the simulation-based preclinical practice training course of periodontology by comparing the new model with traditional model(pig jaw).Methods Sixty-four undergraduates of grade 2010-2013 (seven-year program) from the School of Stomatology of Zhejiang University were selected and divided into experimental group and control group.The two group use new model(multiple-functioned periodontal-surgical model) and traditional model(pig jaw) respectively,all combined with multi-media.Questionnaires were used to evaluate the effectiveness between the two groups after the course.Results Mastery of four kinds of periodontal incision between experimental group and control group,the difference had statistical significance.Internal beveled incision:grasped (31 vs 24);External beveled incision:grasped(31 vs 25);Interdental horizontal incision:grasped(32 vs 24);Crevicular incision:grasped(32 vs 24).The degree of satisfaction in practice training course of periodontology of the experimental group was 87.5%(28/32),which is higher than that the control one 65.6%(21/32)(P=0.04).Undergraduates were interested in practice training course of periodontology resulting from the addition surgical training part brought by the new model.Conclusions Multiple-functioned periodontal-surgical model,improving practice ability of students,has the potential of raising students' satisfaction and meet the multiple requirement of preclinical practice training course of periodontology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 3D-printed plastic teeth in the teaching of dental morphology Zhang Mian, Liu Yifan, Zhang Junhua, Liu Xiaodong, Yu Shibin, Wang Meiqing 2019, 39 (12):  914-917.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.005 Abstract ( 92 )   PDF (887KB) ( 27 )   Objective To assess the effect of 3D-printed plastic model teeth in the teaching of dental morphology.Methods Twenty-three undergraduate stomatology students who had matriculated atthe Fourth Medical University in 2016 (course started in September 2017) and twenty-two who had matriculated in 2014 (course started in September 2015) were involved in the study.Each student who matriculated in 2016 was given a full set of 14 standard 3D-printed plastic model teeth for use during the learning process,and an anonymous questionnaire was used to evaluate the 3D-printed plastic model teeth from the perspective of the students.Results For the score of the sculpted gypsum teeth,students who used the 3D-printed plastic model teeth in their studies scored significantly higher (87.57±4.55 vs 83.18±4.51),P<0.01.95.7%(22/23) of the students in 2016 thought that the 3D-printed plastic model teeth were of great help or were very helpful for mastering the anatomy of teeth and for carving the plaster teeth.Conclusions The 3D-printed plastic teeth are of great help to the students in mastering and improving their carving skills. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of diversified teaching model in the experimental teaching of health assessment for higher vocational nursing students Ou Zhou, Li Xiaolei, Yu Chunni 2019, 39 (12):  918-921.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.006 Abstract ( 32 )   PDF (889KB) ( 23 )   Objective To provide reference for improving the teaching quality of experimental skills in health assessment course through the application of diversified teaching model in health assessment teaching for higher vocational nursing students.Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select 38 nursing students of 2016 grade as control group and 35 students of 2017 grade as experimental group.The control group followed the traditional teaching method.The observation group adopted diversified teaching methods,such as case analysis of typical symptoms,role playing and high simulation person.At the end of the course,the theoretical and operational assessment results and the satisfaction with the teaching effect of the two groups were compared.Results The scores of theoretical and operational assessment in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group [(82.8±15.7) vs (1.7±11.3),(89.2±12.6) vs (78.6±11.4)],and there was a significant difference between the two groups (all P<0.05).Questionnaire survey results showed that the implementation of diversified teaching model,students thought that all aspects of ability have been significantly improved.The top three evaluations were improving the self-study ability,improving clinical thinking ability and stimulating interest in learning.The scoring ratio is 100.0%(35/35),100.0%(35/35) and 97.2%(34/35).Conclusions Diversified teaching method can improve the teaching quality of experimental skills in health assessment course and promote the development of core competence of nursing students in higher vocational colleges. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Qualitative study on the application of formative evaluation in clinical practice of nursing students Ye Guilian, Gao Guozhen, Chen Hanyu 2019, 39 (12):  922-925.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.007 Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (852KB) ( 30 )   Objective To explore the real experience of formative evaluation of undergraduate nursing students in clinical practice teaching and related suggestions,and to provide a reform reference for the formative evaluation of undergraduate nursing students in teaching hospitals.Methods In September 2018,the Objective sampling method was used to select 15 students in four-year nursing major at grade 2015 in the first hospital of Guangzhou Medical University in 2018 as the research object,and the semi-structured interview was conducted,and the results were analyzed by the phenomenological research method of Colaizzi.Results The application of formative evaluation brings different feelings to nursing students.Five themes were summarized as follows:improving self-study ability and learning confidence;promote communication between teachers and students and timely identification of problems;complement each other with the final evaluation method;evaluation content is too much,lack of evaluation of scientific research teaching.Conclusions Formative evaluation can play an active role in the internship of nursing students,and there are also weakness in the evaluation content and the lack of evaluation for scientific research capacity.Clinical nursing teaching managers should improve the formative evaluation method in time and enhance the quality of students' teaching. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between mental health and school adaptation of nursing college students in two universities Jiao Timei, Yu Weijie, Niu Yubai 2019, 39 (12):  926-929.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.008 Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (856KB) ( 13 )   Objective To explore the status quo and the relationship between school adaptation and mental health of nursing college students,as well as the predictive effect of school adaptation on mental health,which provides a reference for development ofstrategy of mental health education.Methods In April 2018,a questionnaire survey was conducted to 583 nursing students enrolled from 2015 to 2017 in Yanbian University and Beihua University using the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and the Chinese college students adaptation scale (CCSAS).Results The positive rate of SCL-90 was 35.2% (205/583),the somatic symptoms of third grade students(1.38±0.40)were more obvious than grade one and grade two (1.27±0.29,1.33±0.34) (P<0.05).The school adaptation of grade three students(2.81±0.50)was not so good as grade one and grade two(3.00±0.58,3.02±0.80) (all P<0.05).Emotional adaptation of nursing students(2.95±0.74) was significantly correlated with anxiety (1.41±0.40)(P<0.01) and psychotic disorder(1.33±0.37)(P<0.05).Conclusions The overall mental health of students from nursing school was not good,the third grade students had a even lower level of school adaptation,and emotional adaptation is significantly correlated with anxiety and psychosis.Through the popularization of emotional management courses,colleges can support the nursing students to better adapt to the institution life,which improves their mental health and prevents the occurrence of mental disorders. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between psychological contract and job satisfaction among nursing staff caring for the aged Wang Yanru, Chen Qiuhong 2019, 39 (12):  930-933.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.009 Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (888KB) ( 15 )   Objective To investigate the psychological contract and job satisfaction among nursing staff caring for the aged in Baotou city,and to analyze the correlation between them.Methods According to the method of random stratified cluster sampling,200 institutional nurses were chosen from 20 elderly care institutions in Baotou city,and were investigated with the Psychological Contract Questionnaire and Job Satisfaction Questionnaire from July to December 2016.Results The divide entries points of the institutional care nurses psychological contract were (3.83±0.30).The divide entries points of job satisfaction were(3.57±0.27).The results showed that the organizational interpersonal responsibilities,organizational development responsibility,organizational standard responsibility and interpersonal responsibility all influence job satisfaction significantly as shown by regression analysis.Conclusions The scores of psychological contract and job satisfaction are medium level in Baotou city and the psychological contract affects job satisfaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the influential factors of subjective well-being for international medical students Wang Rujia, Sun Peihang, Zhang Mingyu, Hai Yang, Ma Xing, Li Yanchao, Cao Depin 2019, 39 (12):  934-937.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.010 Abstract ( 34 )   PDF (886KB) ( 19 )   Objective To analyze the influencing factors of subjective well-being of medical students,which provides a reference for improving the subjective well-being of medical students and improving their learning adaptability.Methods From March to August in 2018,a total of 264 foreign students from two medical colleges in Heilongjiang Province were selected as research subjects.The subjective well-being scale and cultural adaptation strategy scale were used to investigate international students.Happiness scores were analyzed using descriptive statistics,chi-square test,and logistic regression methods.Results The subjective well-being score of medical students was (45.69±8.23),and the proportion of medical students who felt “happy” and “unhappy” in life was 87.5% (231/264) and 12.5% (33/264) respectively.There were significant differences between “cultivation time” and “cultural adaptation strategy”,and the scores of subjective well-being (all P<0.05).Conclusion Most medical students have higher subjective well-being,and the time-length of their stay in China and cultural adaptation strategy is the influencing factor of their subjective well-being. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Need analysis of professional Chinese learning for MBBS students and teaching countermeasures Pan Hao 2019, 39 (12):  938-941.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.011 Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (841KB) ( 22 )   On the basis of summarizing the situation of Chinese teaching for foreign medical students,this paper analyzes the needs of professional Chinese learning for MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) students by referring to the demand analysis theory in English for specialized use.Through questionnaires and personal interviews,quantitative research and qualitative research were combined to analyze the Chinese learning needs of MBBS students.The results show that the Chinese studying interest and needs of MBBS students are concentrated in daily communication,doctor-patient communication and medical vocabulary.In teaching,practicality and authenticity should be paid more attention,and the improvement of listening and speaking ability will lead to the improvement of Chinese learning. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and research on the current situation of incentive policy implementation for general practitioner residents in Jiangsu province Tang Dalong, Zhu Binhai, Liu Weinan, Zhou Wen, Liu Fang, Zhan Yiyang 2019, 39 (12):  942-945.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.012 Abstract ( 30 )   PDF (857KB) ( 19 )   Objective To find the current situation of incentive policy implementation in the residency training process of general practitioner (GP) in Jiangsu Province and to analyze the influencing factors so to provide evidence for improving the relevant incentive mechanism.Methods The self-made questionnaire of social demography and incentive status was used to investigate the incentive status of the GP residents.Descriptive analysis and relevant statistical methods were used to study the influencing factors.Results Totally 1 491 questionnaires were delivered and 1 341 questionnaires were collected effectively,with an effective recovery rate of 89.9%.The scores of the three dimensions of incentive effect were those of job satisfaction (15.26±2.82),willingness to work hard (18.39±3.72) and willingness to employment (14.34±3.17).The frequency of physical exercise,working hours,sleeping hours,income level,status,training year and marital status were all the influencing factors of the incentive effect of the students (all P<0.05).Conclusions The implementation of incentive policies has shown initial success for GP residents.It is suggested that the incentive mechanism should be based on the needs of the residents,reasonably improve the living conditions of the residents,enhance the sense of belonging of the residents gradually improving the incentive effect of this group. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of learning curves of femoral nerve block guided by nerve stimulator and ultrasound for residents Wang Yujie, Xu Mao, Li Min, Wang Jun, Guo Xiangyang 2019, 39 (12):  946-949.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.013 Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (942KB) ( 22 )   Objective To compare the learning curves of femoral nerve block guided by nerve stimulator and ultrasound for residents.Methods Twenty-four residents during their rotation in department of Anesthesiology were divided into two groups:nerve stimulator learning group (group N) and ultrasound-guided learning group (group U).The study included 15 cases of femoral nerve block completed continuously by each resident physician from April 2018 to October 2018.The operating time,confidence score,operating quality and learning satisfaction of each resident in the two groups were compared.Results The operation time gradually decreased in both groups.The operating time tended to be stable after 11 exercises in N group,and 13 exercises in U group.The confidence score of doctors in the two groups increased with the number of practices.The number of successful cases of the last three operations of group N was less than that of group U (24 cases vs 32 cases),and the operation time was longer than that of group U (9.1±1.5) minutes vs 7.0±1.2 minutes),all P <0.05.Conclusions In order to achieve a more stable state,more operations were needed for residents to perform femoral nerve block anesthesia under the guidance of ultrasound,but the last three operations are better than those under the guidance of nerve stimulator. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An investigation and study on trainees of standardized residents' training programe in field of scientific research attitude and behavior Yang Jin, He Peixin, Jiang Xue, Lu Ran, Wang Nan, Wang Haining 2019, 39 (12):  950-953.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.014 Abstract ( 37 )   PDF (888KB) ( 28 )   Objective To investigate the current situation of the scientific research attitude and behavior of residents who are receiving standardized training,and providing reference for training clinicians with both standardized clinical ability and scientific research literacy.Methods Forty-seven residents receiving standardized training at departments of internal medicine of Peking University Third Hospital were investigated in December 2018,the scientific research questionnaires were distributed to analyze their scientific research attitude and behavior.Results There were 53.2% (25/47) of the residents are or willing to carry out scientific research.There were 38.3% (18/47) of the resident's scientific knowledge mainly comes from self-learning,the average time of reading medical literature in one week was 80.9% (38/47)for residents within 3 hours.29.8% (14/47) and 21.3% (10/47) think that statistical analysis and research direction choice is the main weakness.Up to 12.8% (6/47) of the residents cannot raise scientific questions on clinical work,10.6% (5/47) cannot organize and analyze literature,25.5% (12/47) cannot choose the appropriate research methods to solve clinical questions and 19.1% (9/47) never write research papers independently.Conclusions The residents' scientific research attitude is not positive enough,the learning and practice in arising scientific questions,analyzing literature,solving questions and writing papers are insufficient.University-affiliated hospitals should actively explore the development of scientific research capacity training systems that conform to the characteristics of hospitals and the individual developement of residents. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of oto-endoscopic technical training for otolaryngology residents Wu Xuan, Chen Kaitian, Zhuang Huiwen, Xiong Guanxia, Jiang Guangli, Wen Weiping 2019, 39 (12):  954-957.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.015 Abstract ( 33 )   PDF (852KB) ( 21 )   Objective To evaluate the effect of step teaching combined with precisely procedural operation training mode in the standardized training of otolaryngology technology for residents.Methods From January 2017 to December 2018,38 residents in the otolaryngology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were selected as the research objects.They were trained for one year by using step teaching and precisely procedural operation training mode.After the training,questionnaire survey method and theory and skill examination were used to compare the training effect.Results All residents passed the examination of theory and skill,and the excellent rate of otoendoscopy skill operation was 81.6% (31/38).The results of questionnaire survey showed that 100.0% (38/38) of residents were satisfied with this teaching mode,100.0% (38/38) of residents thought that their interest in learning and their proficiency in otoendoscopy operation had been greatly improved;86.8% (33/38) of residents thought that their ability of otoendoscopy operation had been greatly improved;92.1% (35/38) of residents thought that their ability of intraoperative response had been greatly improved,89.5% (34/38) residents considered that the communication ability between doctors and patients had been greatly improved.Conclusions The combination of step teaching and precisely procedural operation training is helpful to improve the training effect of otoendoscopy technology and is suitable for the standardized training of otoendoscopy technology for residents. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the different forms and effects of national health professional and technical personnel Chen Li, Du Zhiqin, Liu Zhenhua, Liu Zhenhong, Wu Yajun, Xu Qiang, Zhang Yingjie, Liu Junli 2019, 39 (12):  958-961.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.016 Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (855KB) ( 26 )   Objective To understand and analyze on the main forms of national health professional and technical personnel participating in continuing medical education and the influencing factors of learning effect.Methods From June to October 2018,questionnaire surveys were conducted nationwide through online questionnaires and paper-based questionnaires by a questionnaire.Group comparison was used based on working years,professional and technical positions,and working regions.Results The types of respondents who participated in continuing medical education were academic conferences (56.9%,20 312/35 701),special lectures (55.2%,19 702/35 701),online learning (54.5%,19 450/35 701),special training (50.8%,18 135/35 701) and advanced education (27.6%,9 850/35 701).The proportion of continuing medical education in academic conferences,special lectures,etc.in the eastern region,those who have worked for more than 11 years,and senior positions are relatively high.For the continuing medical education methods that are most helpful in improving the theoretical level and professional skills,the highest proportion of skills training (74.3%,26 511/35 701) and theoretical training (70.4%,25 150/35 701) are selected,all of which exceed 70.0 %.For the factors affecting the effect of continuing medical education,the most selective choice is not practical (47.6%,16 991/35 701)and not targeted (46.5%,16 616/35 701).Conclusions National health professional and technical personnel prefer the academic conference as the most frequent form of continuing medical education as academic,but the skill training and theoretical training are the most helpful form to improve individual level.Lack of practicality and pertinence are the main factors of continuing medical education. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of a step-by-step training model in endotracheal intubation skills for residents training Jia Xixi, Wu Changyi, Wang Jun, Li Min, Xu Mao, Guo Xiangyang 2019, 39 (12):  962-965.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.017 Abstract ( 38 )   PDF (851KB) ( 25 )   Objective To explore the effective model to improve the skill of tracheal intubation and solve the trainees' skill heterogeneity.Methods Fourty-two trainees who scheduled for training in endotracheal intubation skills at Department of Anesthesiology,Peking University Third Hospital,during August 2016 to August 2017 were randomly divided into step-by-step training model group (n=21) and the traditional training model group (n=21).The endotracheal intubation skill of the two groups of trainees were assessed before and after the one year study.A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain the satisfaction degree of the trainees in the two groups.Results The endotracheal intubation assessment score of step-by-step training model group and traditional training model group before the study were (52.8 ± 10.7,53.1 ± 11.2,t=0.092,P＞0.05),after the different model training,the score were (89.4±3.7,77.1 ± 6.5,t=-7.526,P＜0.05),the questionnaire survey showed that the trainees in the step-by-step training model group consider that the step-by-step training model is more favorable than the traditional training model in improving the teaching effect of endotracheal intubation.Conclusions The step-by-step training model can improve the trainees skill of tracheal intubation and solve the skill heterogeneity due to the different trainees source and ability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Path of the national unified exam reform in medical graduate entrance examination Bai Juan 2019, 39 (12):  966-969.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.018 Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (875KB) ( 18 )   This article was actively response to the new requirement on career needs and practical capacity building among clinical medical professional master degree,especially in the background of medical education.The article firstly analyzed the necessity of the reformation of medical graduate entrance examination in China.Second is the main content and characteristics of the US MCAT reform.On the basis of above research,the article purposed the realistic pathway of the national unified exam remodeling in medical graduate entrance examination.Assessment Objective s of exam organically linked with the training Objective s of professional competence of doctors,refine the Objective s of the competency test and in the test development practice emphasizes the concept of “case oriented,problem oriented” References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Systematic review of the Delphi method application in clinical medical education of China Li Shu, Ma Qingbian, Gu Shixian 2019, 39 (12):  970-973.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.019 Abstract ( 97 )   PDF (888KB) ( 34 )   Objective To analyze the application of Delphi method in clinical medical education in China,to get acknowledge of the current status of implementation,to obtain the quality of research,and to propose improvements.Methods A systematic review was implemented to search the literature in China National Knowledge Infrastructure and MEDLINE database before February 28,2019.The study design,questionnaire process,expert qualifications,results report and statistics were extracted by reading full text.Results All 35 studies met the inclusion criteria.Almost all of the experts had more than 10 years of experience.The response rates of first rounds were all above 80.0%.All 34 studies had ranked opinion intensity;most studies conducted an analysis of the degree of concentration and coordination.However,40.0%(14/35) of studies did not define screening criteria;77.1%(27/35)of studies did not give feedback;97.1%(34/35)of the studies did not define quantitative criteria of consensus.Conclusions The process of Delphi method in the field of clinical medical education in China needs to be further standardized. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the effects of different standardized training modes for general practitioners in ophthalmology Yu Fenfen, Huo Lijun, Su Yihua, Chen Yongchong, Gan Shibin, Wan Pengxia 2019, 39 (12):  974-977.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.020 Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (857KB) ( 8 )   Objective To compare the effects of different standardized training modes for general practitioners in ophthalmology.Methods A total of 34 general practitioners who were trained in the ophthalmology base of the First Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University from July 2017 to September 2018 were randomly divided into the prior-medical technology group and the prior-outpatient group.Mini-CEX was conducted respectively when they were enrolled in the department and two weeks after completion of the training.The difference in scores between the two groups was compared using a completely random independent sample t-test.Results The difference between enrollment (19.71±1.57) and half a month later (39.41±1.91) was statistically significant in Mini-CEX of the prior-medical technology group (t=-32.889,P<0.01).The difference between enrollment (19.65±1.69) and half a month later (34.71±2.62) was also statistically significant in Mini-CEX of the prior-outpatient group (t=-19.922,P<0.01).The improvement of the scores of the two groups were (19.71±2.57) and (15.06±3.77) respectively,the difference was statistically significant (t=4.203,P<0.01).Conclusions For general practitioners who receive short-term standardized training in ophthalmology,better training effect can be achieved by prior-medical technology room training (auxiliary examination room and treatment room) than prior-outpatient training. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and study on influencing factors to professional competency of public health practitioners in Xinjiang Li Rong, Yan Qi, Asimgul Kerim, Yong Xianting, Liu Tao 2019, 39 (12):  978-981.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.021 Abstract ( 40 )   PDF (855KB) ( 18 )   Objective To establish the post competency model of public health practitioners in Xinjiang,to provide reference for the training of public health related majors in Xinjiang,and to provide basis for the training of public health talents in the future.Methods Questionnaires were distributed to 446 public health practitioners in 8 regions 20 medical institutions (CDC,MCH and occupational disease hospitals,etc) in Xinjiang using stratified cluster sampling,396 valid questionnaires were collected.Factor analysis were used to analyze data.Results In this survey,there were more women (64.4%,255/396),70.2% (278/396) of them graduated from public health,and 65.9% (261/396) of them had bachelor's degree or above.Screening according to the mean value of the importance score of competency elements.A competency model of Xinjiang public health practitioners is established,which includes six competency factors including occupational comprehensive ability,basic knowledge of public health,clinical related knowledge and skills,health work skills,professional ethics level,innovation and reflection ability,and 51 competency factors (the cumulative variance contribution rate is 74.89%).Conclusions The post competency model of public health practitioners and the determined post competency elements of public health practitioners can reflect the regional and economic characteristics of Xinjiang,and can be used as a reference for human resource management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Introduction and inspiration of scenario simulation teaching system of critical care medicine in the University of Pittsburgh Zhao Huiying, Liang Shujing, Jiang Guanchao, An Youzhong 2019, 39 (12):  982-985.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.022 Abstract ( 42 )   PDF (851KB) ( 54 )   The setting up of the scenario simulation teaching system of critical care medicine of the University of Pittsburgh has the characteristics of wide teaching objects,close integration of technology and context,professional teaching staff,rich curriculum and regulations,and high participation of training participants.This simulation teaching system pays great attention to the training object as the leading,stimulating the initiative of the students,paying attention to the crisis situation management and increasing the clinical practicability,which is worthy of reference for the teaching of Chinese critical care medicine.There are some problems in the simulation teaching of critical care medicine in our country,such as non-standard curriculum construction,monotonous content,not wide training participants and low participation of students.We can improve it by giving full play to the leading role of simulation center,strengthening the teaching group,establishing standardized courses,increasing the diversity and authenticity of courses,and arousing the enthusiasm of students. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and reference of medical education curriculum system of Tokyo University Liu Yutong, Ding Ning, Li Honghe, Wen Deliang 2019, 39 (12):  986-988.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.023 Abstract ( 96 )   PDF (833KB) ( 64 )   The medical education curriculum system of Japan was based on the “model core curriculum” formulated by the MEXT (Ministry of Science,Ministry of Culture,Japan),and was developed according to the characteristics of each university.This article outlined the overall requirements of the MEXT for the curriculum system of Japanese medical education.Focusing on the setting up of the medical curriculum system of Tokyo University.The current curriculum system of medical education in Japan was systematically summarized from a general view up to special points,and the characteristics of the curriculum system of Japanese medical education was analyzed,thus providing ideas for the reform of the curriculum system of medical education in China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and enlightenment of the biomedical master training system of Ghent University in Belgium Huang Linyan, Gu Bing, Qi Suhua, Ma Ping 2019, 39 (12):  989-992.  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-677X.2019.12.024 Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (846KB) ( 44 )   Ghent University of Belgium is one of the top 100 universities in the world.Its master's degree training system has developed over the years,through clear goal positioning,precise time schedule,reasonable course system,advanced teaching content and methods,open research process and dynamic self-quality evaluation system,and formed a set of standardized,scientific and systematic training system.This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the training system of biomedical masters in the Department of Medicine and Health Sciences of Ghent University,Belgium,and hopes to provide a valuable reference for the reform and development of medicalbiomedical graduate education system in China. References | Related Articles | Metrics