Autonomous learning plays a very important role in the academic growth of medical students. This paper discusses the influencing factors of medical students' autonomous learning, so to provide a basis for improving students' autonomous learning capacity and teaching methods. The results show that the influencing factors of medical students' autonomous learning include learning motivation, learning interest, career planing, learning achievement, peer influence of dormitory, external environment and teachers. The influencing factors of medical students' autonomous learning are diverse. Medical colleges and universities can improve students' awareness and autonomous learning from three aspects: the establishment of guidance system, the construction of learning dormitory and the change of teachers' role orientation.