Objective This study aimed to analyze the training model of academic doctorate in medicine from the perspective of knowledge production mode transformation, to investigate the perceptions and attitudes of both doctoral students and their supervisors, to explore the impact of the model on scientific research ability, and propose optimization strategies, and to inform future improvement of the quality of high-level medical talent training. Methods From November to December 2024, a combination of questionnaire investigation and structured interviews was used to investigate candidates of academic doctorate in medicine and their supervisors. The understanding and attitude of participants towards knowledge production mode were collected, to comprehensively understand the current situation in this field. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze relevant data. Results Doctorate candidates generally believed that the training model should cover the integration of theoretical research and academic achievements, applied research and practical abilities, as well as the interdisciplinary knowledge. In addition, only 9.4% (23/244) of the surveyed doctorate candidates believed that the current training model can fully support interdisciplinary research. In addition, 84.1% (37/44) of the surveyed supervisors were satisfied with the existing knowledge production model, but some pointed out that the traditional training model has deficiencies in promoting the output of innovative results and were more inclined to adopt an interdisciplinary model. Conclusions There is a gap between the current training model of academic doctorate in medicine and the interdisciplinary needs of doctorate candidates, and the limitations of the traditional training model in supporting innovative output have been recognized by some supervisors. It is necessary to optimize the training system around interdisciplinary integration to adapt to the high-level medical talent training needs from the perspective of transformation of knowledge production. In the future, optimization strategies such as deepening interdisciplinary cooperation, innovating the supervisor guidance model, and promoting diversified evaluation mechanisms can be employed to cultivate interdisciplinary medical talents with both practical abilities and innovative spirit.