Objective To explore the application and effect analysis of Teach-back teaching method in the training of anesthesiology. Methods In September 2023, a total of 40 new residents in the anesthesia professional base of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine for standardized residency training enrolled in the study, and were divided into the experimental group and the control group according to the random number table method. The experimental group adopted the Teach-back teaching method, whereas those in the control group were taught by traditional teaching methods. Immediately after training and 3 weeks after training, the content quality of anesthesia documents of the two groups was evaluated, and the satisfaction of the trainees and the supervising doctors was investigated. Paired t test, independent sample t test and Chi-square test were used to analyze the relevant data. Results Evaluation immediately after training: the scores of anesthesia record writing and the satisfaction scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group [(95.4±5.5) vs. (91.6±5.7); (64.5±1.4) vs. (62.3±3.9), all P< 0.05]. Evaluation after 3 weeks training, the anesthesia record writing scores of the control group were higher than those immediately after the training [(97.2±2.3) vs. (91.6±5.7), P=0.001]. There was no significant difference between the scores of anesthesia medical records written by the experimental group and those immediately after training[(96.2±2.6) vs. (95.4±5.5), P=0.487]. However, there were no statistical significance in the scores of writing anesthesia medical records and the satisfaction scores of supervising doctors between the two groups [(96.2±2.6) vs. (97.2±2.3); (34.6±2.9) vs. (35.6±3.0), all P>0.05]. Conclusions Teach-back teaching method can effectively improve the quality of anesthesia documents and the satisfaction score of trainees in the department of anesthesiology and help them who are new to clinical anesthesia to better understand the anesthesia records and improve the training effect.