Objective To analyze the professional level test and final assessment results of standardized residency training in Heilongjiang Province and to explore strategies and measures to enhance the management of this training program. Methods The professional level test and final assessment scores of 2 311 residents in Heilongjiang Province in 2022 were analyzed. Statistical methods such as the χ²test and variance analysis were employed to analyze the differences in professional knowledge assessment results among residents grouped by their professional level test scores across three tests. Additionally, comparisons were made regarding the differences in final assessment scores among different types of residents. Results The pass rates for the high-score groups in the three professional level tests were 98.33% (646/657), 97.80%(623/637), and 95.85%(600/626), respectively, while the pass rates for the low-score groups were 85.80%(544/6634), 87.03%(550/632), and 89.03%(568/638), respectively, all P<0.001. The scores for professional knowledge and clinical practice ability assessments in the final assessment for postgraduate students with a master's degree in clinical medicine were higher than those of ordinary residents [(426.10±15.78) vs. (421.26±17.81) for professional knowledge, and (91.53±5.52) vs. (89.30±5.71) for clinical practice ability, all P<0.001. Conclusions There may be a certain correlation between the professional level test scores and the results of the final assessment in standardized residency training. Differences exist in the training effectiveness between specialized master's degree students and ordinary residents. Efforts should be intensified in the management and training of ordinary residents, with an emphasis on enhancing clinical practice ability, to further improve the quality of residency training.