Objective To investigate the current status and training needs of public health service capabilities among graduates of standardized training for general practice resident physicians. Methods From May to December 2022, 417 graduates of standardized training for general practice resident physicians from 6 community health centers in Shanghai were selected to participate in an online questionnaire survey to understand the basic situation, public health service needs in grassroots work, self-assessment of public health service capabilities, current status and needs of public health service capabilities training. Results Among the 417 trainees, 138(33.1%) trainees agreed that general practitioners should be the main bearers of grassroots public health service management, and 155(37.2%) trainees agreed that general practitioners need to have the ability to handle public health service issues. In the self-assessment of public health service capabilities, 352(84.4%) trainees mastered health record management and only 97(23.3%) trainees mastered severe mental disorder patient management. 215(51.6%) trainees believed that the coverage rate of public health service training received during standardized training was less than 50% in actual work. In addition, 367(88.0%) trainees believed it should be necessary to strengthen relevant skill training. Conclusions Graduates of standardized training for general practice resident physicians have inadequate awareness of public health service capabilities, insufficient public health service capabilities, and a lack of relevant training. It is recommended to integrate more into the cultivation and teaching of public health service capabilities during the stage of standardized training for resident physicians.