Objective To explore the application effect of case-based learning(CBL) combined with scenario simulation exercise in emergency training for malignant hyperthermia(MH) during anesthesia crisis events. Methods A total of 45 anesthesiologists from Peking University Third Hospital from September 2018 to May 2023 were selected as the study subjects. They were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group using a mixed block randomization method. The experimental group of 15 physicians used CBL combined with scenario simulation exercise, while the control group of 30 physicians used traditional teaching methods. After training, the teaching effectiveness will be evaluated by the proportion of correct answers in two groups of MH related theoretical exams, using t-tests or χ² tests for comparison between two group; and evaluate the necessity and effectiveness of CBL combined withscenario simulation exercise by conducting a questionnaire survey among the experimental group physicians. Results The proportion of physicians in the experimental group who answered correctly in the aspects of rapid diagnosis of MH and standardized application of the specific drug dantrolene sodium was higher than that of physicians in the control group, with [11/15 to 12(40.0%)] and [10/15 to 9(30.0%)], respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05); The proportion of people who answered correctly in the other four aspects were [7/15 to 15(50.0%)], [6/15 to 10(33.3%)], [11/15 to 15(50.0%)], and [13/15 to 26(86.7)], and the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Among the 15 physicians in the experimental group, all 15 physicians believed that it was necessary to conduct CBL combined withscenario simulation exercise in MH emergency training; 13 physicians believed that the training was very effective. Conclusions CBL combined with scenario simulation exercise in MH emergency training is helpful for anesthesiologists to quickly diagnose MH and standardize the application of the specific drug dantrolene sodium, and has been unanimously recognized by physicians.