Objective To explore the application of outcome-based education (OBE) combined with situational teaching for anesthesia internship in children′s general hospital. Methods An experimental control method was used. Eighty undergraduates of the five-year anesthesiology major of the class of 2017 who were interned in the Department of Anesthesiology of the Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from November 2021 to May 2022 were selected as the study subjects, and the students were divided into 40 students each in the study group and the control group. The study group adopted OBE combined with situational teaching method, and the control group adopted classroom lecture teaching method. The teaching effect was evaluated by the theoretical knowledge and skill operation assessment scores and learning effectiveness self-evaluation scale. Data were analyzed by using t-test. Results The theoretical knowledge assessment scores and practical ability assessment scores of the students in the study group were higher than those of the control group [(91.07±1.48) points vs. (86.44±2.24) points, (89.05±1.31) points vs. (85.27±2.22) points]. Students in the study group scored higher than the control group in terms of improving problem-solving skills, improving confidence in self-study, and satisfaction with the teaching [(4.12±0.25) points vs. (3.05±0.27) points, (4.19±0.51) points vs. (3.07±0.41) points, (4.48±0.49) points vs. (2.98±0.33) points], and the differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.05) . Conclusions OBE combined with situational teaching applied to the teaching of pediatric anesthesia clerkship helps to improve the theoretical knowledge assessment scores and practical ability assessment scores of medical students, which helps to stimulate students′ learning motivation, improve students′ clinical practice competence, and enhance students′ teaching satisfaction.