Objective To explore the application of multidisciplinary teamwork (MDT) in standardized training of surgical residents. Methods A total of 90 junior residents who received standardized residency training at the surgical base of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from September 2019 to August 2022 were randomly divided into the study group (45 cases) and the control group (45 cases) using a random number table method. The study group received MDT-based teaching, while the control group received traditional teaching. In the end, the learning effect is evaluated through theory assessment, skills assessment, clinical thinking and decision-making ability assessment and satisfaction questionnaire. Differences between the two groups were compared through t-test and χ²test. Results The theory assessment, skills assessment, clinical thinking and decision-making ability assessment scores of the study group students were (91.02±3.61) , (90.87±3.08) , and (89.27±4.71) , respectively, higher than those of the control group students' (83.78±3.88), (84.29±4.17), and (72.58±5.03), and all differences were statistically significant (all P<0.001). The total score of the satisfaction questionnaire for the study group was (50.56±4.16), which was higher than that of the control group (32.33±3.58), and the difference was statistically significant (t=22.26, P<0.001). Conclusions MDT-based education model has significant advantages in improving the training quality of residents, cultivating their clinical thinking, and improving their six core competencies and job competencies.