Objective To explore the influence of anesthesia case data collection template and its software on the teaching effect of anesthesia case report. Methods Totally 60 residents who were enrolled from July to August in 2021 at Anesthesia Department in the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. The resident trainees were randomized divided into the experimental group (n=31) and the control group (n=29). Residents in the experimental group used anesthesia case data collection template software to collect case data, while residents in the control group used traditional methods to collect case data. The teaching effects were evaluated by writing report evaluation, oral report evaluation and the questionnaire survey. Comparisons between groups were performed using independent samples t-test and χ² test. Results The score of writing report evaluation and oral report evaluation of eighth text in the experimental group were (93.1±1.5) and (87.9±4.9),while in the control group were (73.1±5.9) and (68.9±7.7). The differences were significant(all P＜0.05). The score of writing report evaluation and oral report evaluation of final test in the experimental group were (93.3±3.2) and (88.2±4.2),while in the control group were (94.1±2.2) and (87.6±8.4),the differences were not significant(all P＞0.05). The questionnaire results showed that all of the residents believed that the template-based learning was “very helpful” in improving the completeness of the case report, the level of clinical anesthesia management and the mastery of basic knowledge. Conclusions Compared with traditional methods to collect case data, using anesthesia case data collection template software to collect case data can promote the residents to master the introduction of anesthesia cases, improve the initiative of learning, and lay the foundation for the smooth development of further teaching related to anesthesia cases.