Objective To analyze the results of self-evaluation on the position competency of residents in aresident training institution and to provide reference for improving the quality of training. Methods In October 2020,three hundred and thirty-five residents were organized to conduct an on-line self-evaluation questionnaire for their position competency, which covered physician professionalism, teaching and research, team spirit, communication, medical knowledge and lifelong learning attitude, information and management, disease control and health promotion and patient care. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the total score and each dimension score between different groups, and the Bonferroni ranking sum test was used to compare scores. Results The position competence score was 141.0 (28.0), among which the scores of physician professionalism and team spirit were the highest, both of which were 15.0 (2.0) (the full score was 15). The scores of teaching and research, disease control and health promotion were as low as 17.0 (4.0) and 13.0 (3.0) respectively (the full score was 20 and 15). The position competency scores [145.5 (21.8) vs. 133.5 (31.0)] and the other 7 dimensions scores of the third-year residents except physician professionalism [such as teaching and research: 19.0 (4.0) vs. 16.0(5.0)] were higher than first-year residents ( P＜0.05). The position competency scores [142.0 (27.0), 143.5 (24.5.0), 136.0 (26.5)] of the residents who have higher degree were better than those with bachelor degree only[130.0(37.5)](all P<0.05). Conclusions Resident training program improves the position competency of residents in many aspects. Residents with graduate education experience have a higher level of position competency as compared to those with only undergraduate education background. But the development of residents' position competence in different dimensions is not balanced. More attention should be paid to improve the capacity of teaching, scientific research, disease control and health promotion.